The Goldbergs features LGBTQ+ characters, notably Matt Schwartz, who comes out as gay and receives acceptance from his family and friends, and Ren, an openly bisexual character. The show depicts their identities and relationships with dignity and normalcy, portraying supportive environments rather than focusing on conflict or negative stereotypes. The overall portrayal is affirming and validating.

The character Erica Goldberg, based on the creator's real-life older brother Eric Goldberg, is portrayed as female in the show, while the historical individual is male. This constitutes a gender swap.

The show consistently portrays Judaism as a central, positive, and affirming aspect of the Goldberg family's identity and culture. It depicts Jewish holidays and traditions with warmth and authenticity, celebrating their heritage without ridiculing the faith itself.